Rabu, 26 September 2007
Motherboard
The motherboard (or mainboard) is the primary circuit board within a personal computer. Many other components connect directly or indirectly to the motherboard. Motherboards usually contain one or more CPUs, supporting circuitry -- usually integrated circuits (ICs) providing the interface between the CPU memory and input/output peripheral circuits, main memory, and facilities for initial setup of the computer immediately after being powered on (often called boot firmware or, in IBM PC compatible computers, a BIOS). In many portable and embedded personal computers, the motherboard houses nearly all of the PC's core components. Often a motherboard will also contain one or more peripheral buses and physical connectors for expansion purposes. Sometimes a secondary daughter board is connected with the motherboard to provide further expandability or to satisfy space constraints.
Minggu, 09 September 2007
Transistors
Function
Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small output current from a logic chip so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage.
A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on).
The amount of current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE. For further information please see the Transistor Circuits page.
Types of transistor
There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit symbols. The letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. If you are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use NPN transistors.
The leads are labelled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels!
A Darlington pair is two transistors connected together to give a very high current gain.
In addition to standard (bipolar junction) transistors, there are field-effect transistors which are usually referred to as FETs. They have different circuit symbols and properties and they are not (yet) covered by this page.
Connecting
Transistors have three leads which must be connected the correct way round. Please take care with this because a wrongly connected transistor may be damaged instantly when you switch on.
If you are lucky the orientation of the transistor will be clear from the PCB or stripboard layout diagram, otherwise you will need to refer to a supplier's catalogue to identify the leads.
The drawings on the right show the leads for some of the most common case styles.
Please note that transistor lead diagrams show the view from below with the leads towards you. This is the opposite of IC (chip) pin diagrams which show the view from above.
Soldering
Transistors can be damaged by heat when soldering so if you are not an expert it is wise to use a heat sink clipped to the lead between the joint and the transistor body. A standard crocodile clip can be used as a heat sink.
Do not confuse this temporary heat sink with the permanent heat sink (described below) which may be required for a power transistor to prevent it overheating during operation.
Heat sinks
Waste heat is produced in transistors due to the current flowing through them. Heat sinks are needed for power transistors because they pass large currents. If you find that a transistor is becoming too hot to touch it certainly needs a heat sink! The heat sink helps to dissipate (remove) the heat by transferring it to the surrounding air. For further information please see the Heat sinks page.
Testing a transistor
Transistors can be damaged by heat when soldering or by misuse in a circuit. If you suspect that a transistor may be damaged there are two easy ways to test it:
1. Testing with a multimeter
Use a multimeter or a simple tester (battery, resistor and LED) to check each pair of leads for conduction. Set a digital multimeter to diode test and an analogue multimeter to a low resistance range.
Test each pair of leads both ways (six tests in total):
· The base-emitter (BE) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way only.
· The base-collector (BC) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way only.
· The collector-emitter (CE) should not conduct either way.
The diagram shows how the junctions behave in an NPN transistor. The diodes are reversed in a PNP transistor but the same test procedure can be used.
2. Testing in a simple switching circuit
Connect the transistor into the circuit shown on the right which uses the transistor as a switch. The supply voltage is not critical, anything between 5 and 12V is suitable. This circuit can be quickly built on breadboard for example. Take care to include the 10k resistor in the base connection or you will destroy the transistor as you test it!
If the transistor is OK the LED should light when the switch is pressed and not light when the switch is released.
To test a PNP transistor use the same circuit but reverse the LED and the supply voltage.
Some multimeters have a 'transistor test' function which provides a known base current and measures the collector current so as to display the transistor's DC current gain hFE.
Transistor codes
There are three main series of transistor codes used in the UK:
1. Codes beginning with B (or A), for example BC108, BC478
The first letter B is for silicon, A is for germanium (rarely used now). The second letter indicates the type; for example C means low power audio frequency; D means high power audio frequency; F means low power high frequency. The rest of the code identifies the particular transistor. There is no obvious logic to the numbering system. Sometimes a letter is added to the end (eg BC108C) to identify a special version of the main type, for example a higher current gain or a different case style. If a project specifies a higher gain version (BC108C) it must be used, but if the general code is given (BC108) any transistor with that code is suitable.
2. Codes beginning with TIP, for example TIP31A
TIP refers to the manufacturer: Texas Instruments Power transistor. The letter at the end identifies versions with different voltage ratings.
3. Codes beginning with 2N, for example 2N3053
The initial '2N' identifies the part as a transistor and the rest of the code identifies the particular transistor. There is no obvious logic to the numbering system.
Choosing a transistor
Most projects will specify a particular transistor, but if necessary you can usually substitute an equivalent transistor from the wide range available. The most important properties to look for are the maximum collector current IC and the current gain hFE. To make selection easier most suppliers group their transistors in categories determined either by their typical use or maximum power rating. To make a final choice you will need to consult the tables of technical data which are normally provided in catalogues. They contain a great deal of useful information but they can be difficult to understand if you are not familiar with the abbreviations used. The table below shows the most important technical data for some popular transistors, tables in catalogues and reference books will usually show additional information but this is unlikely to be useful unless you are experienced.
Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to amplify the small output current from a logic chip so that it can operate a lamp, relay or other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the changing current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify voltage.
A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on).
The amount of current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE. For further information please see the Transistor Circuits page.
Types of transistor
There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit symbols. The letters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon. If you are new to electronics it is best to start by learning how to use NPN transistors.
The leads are labelled base (B), collector (C) and emitter (E).These terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor but they are not much help in understanding how a transistor is used, so just treat them as labels!
A Darlington pair is two transistors connected together to give a very high current gain.
In addition to standard (bipolar junction) transistors, there are field-effect transistors which are usually referred to as FETs. They have different circuit symbols and properties and they are not (yet) covered by this page.
Connecting
Transistors have three leads which must be connected the correct way round. Please take care with this because a wrongly connected transistor may be damaged instantly when you switch on.
If you are lucky the orientation of the transistor will be clear from the PCB or stripboard layout diagram, otherwise you will need to refer to a supplier's catalogue to identify the leads.
The drawings on the right show the leads for some of the most common case styles.
Please note that transistor lead diagrams show the view from below with the leads towards you. This is the opposite of IC (chip) pin diagrams which show the view from above.
Soldering
Transistors can be damaged by heat when soldering so if you are not an expert it is wise to use a heat sink clipped to the lead between the joint and the transistor body. A standard crocodile clip can be used as a heat sink.
Do not confuse this temporary heat sink with the permanent heat sink (described below) which may be required for a power transistor to prevent it overheating during operation.
Heat sinks
Waste heat is produced in transistors due to the current flowing through them. Heat sinks are needed for power transistors because they pass large currents. If you find that a transistor is becoming too hot to touch it certainly needs a heat sink! The heat sink helps to dissipate (remove) the heat by transferring it to the surrounding air. For further information please see the Heat sinks page.
Testing a transistor
Transistors can be damaged by heat when soldering or by misuse in a circuit. If you suspect that a transistor may be damaged there are two easy ways to test it:
1. Testing with a multimeter
Use a multimeter or a simple tester (battery, resistor and LED) to check each pair of leads for conduction. Set a digital multimeter to diode test and an analogue multimeter to a low resistance range.
Test each pair of leads both ways (six tests in total):
· The base-emitter (BE) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way only.
· The base-collector (BC) junction should behave like a diode and conduct one way only.
· The collector-emitter (CE) should not conduct either way.
The diagram shows how the junctions behave in an NPN transistor. The diodes are reversed in a PNP transistor but the same test procedure can be used.
2. Testing in a simple switching circuit
Connect the transistor into the circuit shown on the right which uses the transistor as a switch. The supply voltage is not critical, anything between 5 and 12V is suitable. This circuit can be quickly built on breadboard for example. Take care to include the 10k resistor in the base connection or you will destroy the transistor as you test it!
If the transistor is OK the LED should light when the switch is pressed and not light when the switch is released.
To test a PNP transistor use the same circuit but reverse the LED and the supply voltage.
Some multimeters have a 'transistor test' function which provides a known base current and measures the collector current so as to display the transistor's DC current gain hFE.
Transistor codes
There are three main series of transistor codes used in the UK:
1. Codes beginning with B (or A), for example BC108, BC478
The first letter B is for silicon, A is for germanium (rarely used now). The second letter indicates the type; for example C means low power audio frequency; D means high power audio frequency; F means low power high frequency. The rest of the code identifies the particular transistor. There is no obvious logic to the numbering system. Sometimes a letter is added to the end (eg BC108C) to identify a special version of the main type, for example a higher current gain or a different case style. If a project specifies a higher gain version (BC108C) it must be used, but if the general code is given (BC108) any transistor with that code is suitable.
2. Codes beginning with TIP, for example TIP31A
TIP refers to the manufacturer: Texas Instruments Power transistor. The letter at the end identifies versions with different voltage ratings.
3. Codes beginning with 2N, for example 2N3053
The initial '2N' identifies the part as a transistor and the rest of the code identifies the particular transistor. There is no obvious logic to the numbering system.
Choosing a transistor
Most projects will specify a particular transistor, but if necessary you can usually substitute an equivalent transistor from the wide range available. The most important properties to look for are the maximum collector current IC and the current gain hFE. To make selection easier most suppliers group their transistors in categories determined either by their typical use or maximum power rating. To make a final choice you will need to consult the tables of technical data which are normally provided in catalogues. They contain a great deal of useful information but they can be difficult to understand if you are not familiar with the abbreviations used. The table below shows the most important technical data for some popular transistors, tables in catalogues and reference books will usually show additional information but this is unlikely to be useful unless you are experienced.
Variable Resistors
Construction
Variable resistors consist of a resistance track with connections at both ends and a wiper which moves along the track as you turn the spindle. The track may be made from carbon, cermet (ceramic and metal mixture) or a coil of wire (for low resistances). The track is usually rotary but straight track versions, usually called sliders, are also available.
Variable resistors may be used as a rheostat with two connections (the wiper and just one end of the track) or as a potentiometer with all three connections in use. Miniature versions called presets are made for setting up circuits which will not require further adjustment.
Variable resistors are often called potentiometers in books and catalogues. They are specified by their maximum resistance, linear or logarithmic track, and their physical size. The standard spindle diameter is 6mm.
The resistance and type of track are marked on the body:
4K7 LIN means 4.7 k linear track.
1M LOG means 1 M logarithmic track.
Some variable resistors are designed to be mounted directly on the circuit board, but most are for mounting through a hole drilled in the case containing the circuit with stranded wire connecting their terminals to the circuit board.
Linear (LIN) and Logarithmic (LOG) tracks
Linear (LIN) track means that the resistance changes at a constant rate as you move the wiper. This is the standard arrangement and you should assume this type is required if a project does not specify the type of track. Presets always have linear tracks.
Logarithmic (LOG) track means that the resistance changes slowly at one end of the track and rapidly at the other end, so halfway along the track is not half the total resistance! This arrangement is used for volume (loudness) controls because the human ear has a logarithmic response to loudness so fine control (slow change) is required at low volumes and coarser control (rapid change) at high volumes. It is important to connect the ends of the track the correct way round, if you find that turning the spindle increases the volume rapidly followed by little further change you should swap the connections to the ends of the track.
Rheostat
This is the simplest way of using a variable resistor. Two terminals are used: one connected to an end of the track, the other to the moveable wiper. Turning the spindle changes the resistance between the two terminals from zero up to the maximum resistance.
Rheostats are often used to vary current, for example to control the brightness of a lamp or the rate at which a capacitor charges.
If the rheostat is mounted on a printed circuit board you may find that all three terminals are connected! However, one of them will be linked to the wiper terminal. This improves the mechanical strength of the mounting but it serves no function electrically.
Potentiometer
Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected.
This arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a circuit with a sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals at the ends of the track are connected across the power supply then the wiper terminal will provide a voltage which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.
Presets
These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For example to set the frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit. A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust presets.
Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects where a standard variable resistor would normally be used.
Multiturn presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very fine control.
Variable resistors consist of a resistance track with connections at both ends and a wiper which moves along the track as you turn the spindle. The track may be made from carbon, cermet (ceramic and metal mixture) or a coil of wire (for low resistances). The track is usually rotary but straight track versions, usually called sliders, are also available.
Variable resistors may be used as a rheostat with two connections (the wiper and just one end of the track) or as a potentiometer with all three connections in use. Miniature versions called presets are made for setting up circuits which will not require further adjustment.
Variable resistors are often called potentiometers in books and catalogues. They are specified by their maximum resistance, linear or logarithmic track, and their physical size. The standard spindle diameter is 6mm.
The resistance and type of track are marked on the body:
4K7 LIN means 4.7 k linear track.
1M LOG means 1 M logarithmic track.
Some variable resistors are designed to be mounted directly on the circuit board, but most are for mounting through a hole drilled in the case containing the circuit with stranded wire connecting their terminals to the circuit board.
Linear (LIN) and Logarithmic (LOG) tracks
Linear (LIN) track means that the resistance changes at a constant rate as you move the wiper. This is the standard arrangement and you should assume this type is required if a project does not specify the type of track. Presets always have linear tracks.
Logarithmic (LOG) track means that the resistance changes slowly at one end of the track and rapidly at the other end, so halfway along the track is not half the total resistance! This arrangement is used for volume (loudness) controls because the human ear has a logarithmic response to loudness so fine control (slow change) is required at low volumes and coarser control (rapid change) at high volumes. It is important to connect the ends of the track the correct way round, if you find that turning the spindle increases the volume rapidly followed by little further change you should swap the connections to the ends of the track.
Rheostat
This is the simplest way of using a variable resistor. Two terminals are used: one connected to an end of the track, the other to the moveable wiper. Turning the spindle changes the resistance between the two terminals from zero up to the maximum resistance.
Rheostats are often used to vary current, for example to control the brightness of a lamp or the rate at which a capacitor charges.
If the rheostat is mounted on a printed circuit board you may find that all three terminals are connected! However, one of them will be linked to the wiper terminal. This improves the mechanical strength of the mounting but it serves no function electrically.
Potentiometer
Variable resistors used as potentiometers have all three terminals connected.
This arrangement is normally used to vary voltage, for example to set the switching point of a circuit with a sensor, or control the volume (loudness) in an amplifier circuit. If the terminals at the ends of the track are connected across the power supply then the wiper terminal will provide a voltage which can be varied from zero up to the maximum of the supply.
Presets
These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For example to set the frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit. A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust presets.
Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects where a standard variable resistor would normally be used.
Multiturn presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very fine control.
Rabu, 05 September 2007
What is RAM?
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.
New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.
If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.
RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.
When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.
Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.
New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.
If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.
RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.
When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.
Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.
Senin, 03 September 2007
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Teknologi Infromasi adalah informasi yang disampaikan melalui media elektronik, sehingga penyampaiannnya cepat. Adapun media yang sering digunakan dalam media teknologi informasi adalah Komputer, maka dalam teknologi informasi ini kami akan memperkenalkan tentang computer. Dan membahas sedikit tentang computer.
Komputer adalah media IT (Information Technology). Komputer itu sendiri tersusun atas beberapa komponen yaitu CPU (Central Processing Unit), Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse. Di dalam CPU sendiri terdapat komponen-komponen hardware. Seperti: motherboard, processor, memory, hardisk, dan lainnya.Inilah yang mengatur pusat kinerja computer. Selain terdiri perangkat utama, computer juga terdiri perangkat pelengkap atau Accessories, seperti Speaker sound, Web camera, Printer, Headset, Joystick, HD external, Wireless dan masih banyak lagi.
Meskipun computer sudah memiliki perangkat utama dan pelengkap, Akan tetapi computer tersebut belum bisa dijalankan. Karena belum memiliki Operating system atau system operasi. System operasi ini adalah berupa software yang menjalanakan computer seperti windows, linux, dan beberapa OS (Operating System) lainnya.
Beberapa komponen penting dalam Dari CPU dan fungsinya :
· Motherboard adalah induk dari computer, ini berfungsi sebagai tempat meletakkan hardware lainnya yang menjadi komponen dari CPU
· Memory, berfungsi menyimpan data sementara dan mengolah perintah menuju processor
· Processor, mengatur kinerja seluruh komponen dalam computer. Bisa dikatakan ini adalah bagian otak perintah dari computer
· Harddisk, berfungsi untuk menyimpan data secara permanent. Ini bisa dikategorikan otak memory computer
· DVD/CD/DVD-R/CD-R Drive, merupakan suatu perangkat yang berfungsi untuk menulis ataupun membaca data dari sebuah piranti yang disebut CD atau DVD
· USB port, berfungsi untuk menyambungkan CPU dengan USB Flash atau Perangkat lainnya seperti Camcoder, Digital Camera dan WebCam
· Card reader, berfungsi utnuk membaca memory stick atau yang dikenal dengan memory card
Komputer adalah media IT (Information Technology). Komputer itu sendiri tersusun atas beberapa komponen yaitu CPU (Central Processing Unit), Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse. Di dalam CPU sendiri terdapat komponen-komponen hardware. Seperti: motherboard, processor, memory, hardisk, dan lainnya.Inilah yang mengatur pusat kinerja computer. Selain terdiri perangkat utama, computer juga terdiri perangkat pelengkap atau Accessories, seperti Speaker sound, Web camera, Printer, Headset, Joystick, HD external, Wireless dan masih banyak lagi.
Meskipun computer sudah memiliki perangkat utama dan pelengkap, Akan tetapi computer tersebut belum bisa dijalankan. Karena belum memiliki Operating system atau system operasi. System operasi ini adalah berupa software yang menjalanakan computer seperti windows, linux, dan beberapa OS (Operating System) lainnya.
Beberapa komponen penting dalam Dari CPU dan fungsinya :
· Motherboard adalah induk dari computer, ini berfungsi sebagai tempat meletakkan hardware lainnya yang menjadi komponen dari CPU
· Memory, berfungsi menyimpan data sementara dan mengolah perintah menuju processor
· Processor, mengatur kinerja seluruh komponen dalam computer. Bisa dikatakan ini adalah bagian otak perintah dari computer
· Harddisk, berfungsi untuk menyimpan data secara permanent. Ini bisa dikategorikan otak memory computer
· DVD/CD/DVD-R/CD-R Drive, merupakan suatu perangkat yang berfungsi untuk menulis ataupun membaca data dari sebuah piranti yang disebut CD atau DVD
· USB port, berfungsi untuk menyambungkan CPU dengan USB Flash atau Perangkat lainnya seperti Camcoder, Digital Camera dan WebCam
· Card reader, berfungsi utnuk membaca memory stick atau yang dikenal dengan memory card
KOMPONEN AKTIF ELEKTRONIKA
1) Komponen aktif elektronika yaitu komponen yang menunjukkan hubungan tidak linear antara arus dan tegangan, jika komponen tersebut berada di dalam pengaruh medan listrik
2) Jenis-jenis Komponen aktif elektronika
· Diode → suatu bahan elektrikum yang tersusun atas 2 elektroda yaitu elektroda positif dan negatif
✗ Prinsip kerja
✔ Forward Biass (arah maju) dari anoda ke katoda
✔ Reverse Biass (arah mundur) dari katoda ke anoda
✗ Jenis-jenis Diode
✔ Dioda Zener = menstabilkan tegangan
✔ Dioda Kristal = Dioda kontak titik
✔ Light Emilting Diode (LED) = Lampu induktor
✔ Photo Diode = pencacah, penghitung
✔ Dioda Silikon = Penyearah Arus
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor yang bergantung pada suhu (TERMISTOR)
✔ NTC ( Negative Temprature Coeficient )
✔ PTC ( Positive Temprature Coeficient )
✗ Fungsi Diode
✔ Penyearah Arus
✔ Pencacah Penghitung
✔ Menstabilkan tegangan
· Transistor → rancangan komponen yang terdiri dari 3 komponen diode tipe P (+) dan
tipe N (-)
✗ Komponen penyusun transistor
✔ Emitor = Pembawa muatan
✔ Basis = Pengatur gerak pembawa muatan dari emitor ke collector
✔ collector = Pengatur gerak pembawa muatan dari emitor ke output
✗ Fungsi transistor
✔ Penguat arus
✔ Penguat tegangan atau penguat getaran
✔ Pembangkit getaran
✔ Saklar
· IC (Integrated Circuit) → merupakan kombinasi dari beberapa komponen elektronika yaitu diode, resistor, dan kapasitor kecil. JENIS IC : IC MONOLITHIK, IC HYBRIDA (IC LINEAR, IC TTL, IC CMOL)
2) Jenis-jenis Komponen aktif elektronika
· Diode → suatu bahan elektrikum yang tersusun atas 2 elektroda yaitu elektroda positif dan negatif
✗ Prinsip kerja
✔ Forward Biass (arah maju) dari anoda ke katoda
✔ Reverse Biass (arah mundur) dari katoda ke anoda
✗ Jenis-jenis Diode
✔ Dioda Zener = menstabilkan tegangan
✔ Dioda Kristal = Dioda kontak titik
✔ Light Emilting Diode (LED) = Lampu induktor
✔ Photo Diode = pencacah, penghitung
✔ Dioda Silikon = Penyearah Arus
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor yang bergantung pada suhu (TERMISTOR)
✔ NTC ( Negative Temprature Coeficient )
✔ PTC ( Positive Temprature Coeficient )
✗ Fungsi Diode
✔ Penyearah Arus
✔ Pencacah Penghitung
✔ Menstabilkan tegangan
· Transistor → rancangan komponen yang terdiri dari 3 komponen diode tipe P (+) dan
tipe N (-)
✗ Komponen penyusun transistor
✔ Emitor = Pembawa muatan
✔ Basis = Pengatur gerak pembawa muatan dari emitor ke collector
✔ collector = Pengatur gerak pembawa muatan dari emitor ke output
✗ Fungsi transistor
✔ Penguat arus
✔ Penguat tegangan atau penguat getaran
✔ Pembangkit getaran
✔ Saklar
· IC (Integrated Circuit) → merupakan kombinasi dari beberapa komponen elektronika yaitu diode, resistor, dan kapasitor kecil. JENIS IC : IC MONOLITHIK, IC HYBRIDA (IC LINEAR, IC TTL, IC CMOL)
KOMPONEN PASIF ELEKTRONIKA
1) Komponen pasif elektronika yaitu komponen yang menunjukkan hubungan linear antara arus dan tegangan, jika komponen tersebut berada di dalam pengaruh medan listrik
2) Jenis-jenis Komponen pasif elektronika
· Resistor→ suatu bahan yang dapat menghambat arus listrik
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor tetap
✔ Resistor gulungan kawat
✔ Resistor Lapisan karbon
✔ Resistor lapisan oksidasi logam
✔ Resistor komposisi karbon
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor varabel
✔ Potensiometer
➔ Geser
➔ Putar
✔ Trimmer Potensiometer (TRIMPOT)
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor yang bergantung pada suhu (TERMISTOR)
✔ NTC ( Negtive Temprature Coeficient )
✔ PTC ( Positive Temprature Coeficient )
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor yang bergantung pada cahaya (LDR)
✗ Daya Kerja resitor
✔ 1 Watt
✔ ½ Watt
✔ ¼ Watt
· Kapasitor → komponen dasar elektronika yang dapat menyimpan atau mengeluarkan muatan listrik
✗ Fungsi kapasitor
✔ Memisahkan arus AC dan arus DC
✔ Meratakan arus DC pada penyearah arus
✔ Mengontrol frekuensi pada rangkaian isolator
✔ Menyimpan muatan listrik
✗ Jenis-jenis kapasitor
✔ Kapasitor polar (ELCO)
✔ Kapasitor Non Polar (Kapasitor Kertas, Kapasitor Kermik, Kpasitor Mika, Kapasitor Poliester)
✔ Kapasitor Variabel (VARCo, TRIMMER)
✗ Kapasitas kapasitor adalah kemampuan untuk menyimpan mutan
· Transformator → komponen dasar elektronika yang dapat mengubah tegangan AC menjadi lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah
2) Jenis-jenis Komponen pasif elektronika
· Resistor→ suatu bahan yang dapat menghambat arus listrik
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor tetap
✔ Resistor gulungan kawat
✔ Resistor Lapisan karbon
✔ Resistor lapisan oksidasi logam
✔ Resistor komposisi karbon
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor varabel
✔ Potensiometer
➔ Geser
➔ Putar
✔ Trimmer Potensiometer (TRIMPOT)
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor yang bergantung pada suhu (TERMISTOR)
✔ NTC ( Negtive Temprature Coeficient )
✔ PTC ( Positive Temprature Coeficient )
✗ Jenis-jenis resistor yang bergantung pada cahaya (LDR)
✗ Daya Kerja resitor
✔ 1 Watt
✔ ½ Watt
✔ ¼ Watt
· Kapasitor → komponen dasar elektronika yang dapat menyimpan atau mengeluarkan muatan listrik
✗ Fungsi kapasitor
✔ Memisahkan arus AC dan arus DC
✔ Meratakan arus DC pada penyearah arus
✔ Mengontrol frekuensi pada rangkaian isolator
✔ Menyimpan muatan listrik
✗ Jenis-jenis kapasitor
✔ Kapasitor polar (ELCO)
✔ Kapasitor Non Polar (Kapasitor Kertas, Kapasitor Kermik, Kpasitor Mika, Kapasitor Poliester)
✔ Kapasitor Variabel (VARCo, TRIMMER)
✗ Kapasitas kapasitor adalah kemampuan untuk menyimpan mutan
· Transformator → komponen dasar elektronika yang dapat mengubah tegangan AC menjadi lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah
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