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Blog ini dibuat pada tanggal 29 Agustus 2007.



Created By : Abhe

Electronics

Meaning

Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as, semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures, and vacuum tubes. All applications of electronics involve the transmission of power and possibly information. Although considered to be a theoretical branch of physics, the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronics engineering and computer engineering.

The study of new semiconductor devices and surrounding technology is sometimes considered a branch of physics. This article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics. Other important topics include electronic waste and occupational health impacts of semiconductor manufacturing.

Electronics theory

Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis.

Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain node or the current though a certain branch of a network. A common analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator.

Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of electromagnetic field theory.

Senin, 01 Oktober 2007

Resistors

Function

Resistors restrict the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.


Connecting and soldering


Resistors may be connected either way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering.


Resistor values - the resistor colour code


Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega Ώ. 1 Ώ is quite small so resistor values are often given in k Ώ and M Ώ. 1 k Ώ = 1000 Ώ 1 M Ώ = 1000000 Ώ.
Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands. Each colour represents a number as shown in the table.
Most resistors have 4 bands:
· The first band gives the first digit.
· The second band gives the second digit.
· The third band indicates the number of zeros.
The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance (precision) of the resistor, this may be ignored for almost all circuits but further details are given.


Small value resistors (less than 10 ohm)


The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 Ώ. To show these small values two special colours are used for the third band: gold which means × 0.1 and silver which means × 0.01. The first and second bands represent the digits as normal.
For example:red, violet, gold bands represent 27 × 0.1 = 2.7 Ώgreen, blue, silver bands represent 56 × 0.01 = 0.56 Ώ


Tolerance of resistors (fourth band of colour code)

The tolerance of a resistor is shown by the fourth band of the colour code. Tolerance is the precision of the resistor and it is given as a percentage. For example a 390 Ώ resistor with a tolerance of ±10% will have a value within 10% of 390 Ώ, between 390 - 39 = 351 Ώ and 390 + 39 = 429 Ώ (39 is 10% of 390).
A special colour code is used for the fourth band tolerance:silver ±10%, gold ±5%, red ±2%, brown ±1%. If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is ±20%.
Tolerance may be ignored for almost all circuits because precise resistor values are rarely required.

Resistor shorthand


Resistor values are often written on circuit diagrams using a code system which avoids using a decimal point because it is easy to miss the small dot. Instead the letters R, K and M are used in place of the decimal point. To read the code: replace the letter with a decimal point, then multiply the value by 1000 if the letter was K, or 1000000 if the letter was M. The letter R means multiply by 1.
For example:
560R means 560 Ώ2K7 means 2.7 k Ώ= 2700 Ώ39K means 39 k Ώ1M0 means 1.0 M Ώ = 1000 k Ώ


Real resistor values (the E6 and E12 series)

You may have noticed that resistors are not available with every possible value, for example 22k Ώ and 47k Ώ are readily available, but 25k Ώ and 50k Ώare not!
Why is this? Imagine that you decided to make resistors every 10 Ώ giving 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and so on. That seems fine, but what happens when you reach 1000? It would be pointless to make 1000, 1010, 1020, 1030 and so on because for these values 10 is a very small difference, too small to be noticeable in most circuits. In fact it would be difficult to make resistors sufficiently accurate.
To produce a sensible range of resistor values you need to increase the size of the 'step' as the value increases. The standard resistor values are based on this idea and they form a series which follows the same pattern for every multiple of ten.
The E6 series (6 values for each multiple of ten, for resistors with 20% tolerance) 10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68, ... then it continues 100, 150, 220, 330, 470, 680, 1000 etc. Notice how the step size increases as the value increases. For this series the step (to the next value) is roughly half the value.
The E12 series (12 values for each multiple of ten, for resistors with 10% tolerance) 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82, ... then it continues 100, 120, 150 etc. Notice how this is the E6 series with an extra value in the gaps.
The E12 series is the one most frequently used for resistors. It allows you to choose a value within 10% of the precise value you need. This is sufficiently accurate for almost all projects and it is sensible because most resistors are only accurate to ±10% (called their 'tolerance'). For example a resistor marked 390Ώ could vary by ±10% × 390 Ώ= ±39 Ώ, so it could be any value between 351 Ώ and 429 Ώ.


Resistors in Series and Parallel


For information on resistors connected in series and parallel please see the Resistance page.


Power Ratings of Resistors


Electrical energy is converted to heat when current flows through a resistor. Usually the effect is negligible, but if the resistance is low (or the voltage across the resistor high) a large current may pass making the resistor become noticeably warm. The resistor must be able to withstand the heating effect and resistors have power ratings to show this.
Power ratings of resistors are rarely quoted in parts lists because for most circuits the standard power ratings of 0.25W or 0.5W are suitable. For the rare cases where a higher power is required it should be clearly specified in the parts list, these will be circuits using low value resistors (less than about 300 Ώ) or high voltages (more than 15V).
The power, P, developed in a resistor is given by:

P = I² × R where: P = power developed in the resistor in watts (W) or I = current through the resistor in amps (A) P = V² / R V = voltage across the resistor in volts(V) R = resistance of the resistor inohm (Ώ)

Examples:


· A 470 Ώ resistor with 10V across it, needs a power rating P = V²/R = 10²/470 = 0.21W. In this case a standard 0.25W resistor would be suitable.

· A 27 Ώ resistor with 10V across it, needs a power rating P = V²/R = 10²/27 = 3.7W. A high power resistor with a rating of 5W would be suitable.

2 komentar:

mas Aan mengatakan...

haloo....
saya dah lama link ke blog mas abhe,tapi kok samapai sekarang belum ada linkback..mohon respnnya segera.
blog saya:http://cominfo-indonesia.blogspot.com

trims

muis99 mengatakan...

Nice blog. Elektrical engineering bagus juga